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PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

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There are lots of different types of cells. Each type of cell is different and performs a different function. In the human body, we have nerve cells which can be as long as from our feet to our spinal cord. Nerve cells help to transport messages around the body. We also have billions of tiny little brain cells which help us think and muscle cells which help us move around. There are many more cells in our body that help us to function and stay alive. 

Although there are lots of different kinds of cells, they are often divided into two main categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

 

(“Biology for Kids.” Ducksters Educational Site, www.ducksters.com/science/the_cell.php.)

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

The term Prokayote comes from the Greek language meaning "before (pro) nucleus (karyote)". The term "karyo" is actually a derivative (comes from) the greek word "karyon" which means "kernel".

 

Here are some things to know about prokaryotes:

  • unicellular (one cell)  

  • lacks organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures

  • does not have a nucleus (that's why it is call pro (before) karyote (nucleus)

  • generally has a single chromosome

  • DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid

  • most prokaryotes have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane

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Key Terms to Know:

  • nucleoid: the irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material is localized

  • plasmid: a circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoa

This work has been released into the public domain by its author, LadyofHats

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Eukaryotes have several differences when compared to prokaryotes. If you remember that prokaryotes are "before nucleus", then you can remember that eukaryotes HAVE a nucleus. (The greek term "eu" means "true", meaning that these cells have a true nucleus).

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“Eukaryotic Cell - Definition, Characteristics, Structure and Examples.” Biology Dictionary, Biology Dictionary, 28 Apr. 2017, biologydictionary.net/eukaryotic-cell/.

Here are some things to know about eukaryotic cells:

  • larger than prokaryotic cells

  • membrane-bound organelles, and rod-shaped chromosomes.

  • the nucleus contains the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis (combining elements to form something new) of proteins and ribosomes.

  • contains mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,  vesicles and vacuoles

  • animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes 

  • plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids

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Key Terms to Know:

  • eukaryotic: Having complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei

  • organelle: A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

  • photosynthesis: the process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts

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Boundless. “Boundless Biology.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/eukaryotic-cells/.​

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